Age-associated B cells and double-negative B cells: two sides of the same coin? The answer depends on the context Lamprinou et al. 10.3389/fragi.2026.1752452

Abstract

B cells are central players in adaptive immunity, orchestrating humoral responses through antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. During aging, cumulative immunological changes reshape the B-cell compartment in a process termed immunosenescence, which has profound consequences for infection control, vaccine efficacy, and susceptibility to autoimmunity (; ). Among the most striking features of B-cell remodeling is the expansion of atypical B cell subsets, such as age-associated B cells (ABCs) and double-negative (DN) B cells. Both subsets have become focal points of i