20 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Shahariar, G M, Nazari, Ali + 4 more
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning abilities when they generate step-by-step solutions, known as chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. When trained to using chain-of-thought reasoning examples, the resulting models (called Large Reasoning Models, or LRMs) appear to learn hierarchical…
Luke J. Hearne, Conor Robinson, Luca Cocchi, Takuya Ito
Relational reasoning—the capacity to understand how elements relate to one another—is a defining feature of human intelligence, yet its computational basis remains unclear. Here, we combined human neuroimaging (7T fMRI) and artificial neural network modeling to examine relational reasoning in biological and artificial…
Kenneth Timmis, Fernando Baquero, Rup Lal, Lara Raquel Pinto Amorim + 26 more
We live in a time of global crises: a deteriorating environment that is struggling to provide all the resources and services we demand of it, changing climate and its consequences for the biosphere, its habitats, inhabitants and biodiversity, conflicts-divisive ideologies-competition for resources, increasing societal…
Xiaohan Lan, Fanfan Liu, Haibo Qiu, Yang + 4 more
Inspired by recent advancements in LLM reasoning, the field of multimodal reasoning has seen remarkable progress, achieving significant performance gains on intricate tasks such as mathematical problem-solving. Despite this progress, current multimodal large reasoning models exhibit two key limitations. They tend to…
Xinliang Frederick Zhang, Anhad Mohananey, Alexandra Chronopoulou, Pinelopi Papalampidi + 4 more
Models employing long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning have shown superior performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, this capability introduces a critical and often overlooked inefficiency—overthinking models often engage in unnecessarily extensive reasoning even for simple queries, incurring significant…
Cameron Rouse Turner, Evan M. Russek, Amanda Seed, Emma Suvi McEwen + 3 more
A diversity of intelligences arises from the constraints under which animals evolve. However, characterizing how constraints shape intelligence is challenging because it requires relating the restrictions on cognitive mechanisms to those that affect their evolution. We demonstrate the potentially complex interaction…
Mehmet Bars
Background Computational thinking is a key higher-order cognitive skill in adolescence, extending beyond computer science to mathematical problem solving and complex reasoning. Although mathematical metacognition has been associated with computational thinking, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain…
Tan, Yuqiao, Shizhu He, Kang Liu + 1 more
Reasoning models have demonstrated exceptional performance in tasks such as mathematics and logical reasoning, primarily due to their ability to engage in step-by-step thinking during the reasoning process. However, this often leads to overthinking, resulting in unnecessary computational overhead. To address this…
Qizhi Jiang, Shuo Wang, Pei Ke, Yuhang Song + 1 more
Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved remarkable success on complex tasks by leveraging long chain-of-thought (CoT) trajectories, yet they frequently exhibit overthinking on simple queries, resulting in significant token overhead and reduced inference efficiency. However, existing compression methods…
Xiaolan Song, Xiangdong Wang, Xiuhua Liang, Jiaqi Li + 2 more
Introduction Structural indicators extracted from concept maps, such as node counts, connection density, and cycle counts, are often used as proxies for systems thinking. However, it remains unclear whether a structurally complex concept map actually reflects deeper semantic understanding of a sustainability system.…
Felix Tretter, Henriette Löffler-Stastka, Hans Albert Braun, Stephan Schleim + 7 more
Ten years ago, we published a position paper in this journal, criticizing reductionist claims of neurobiology related to mental disorders and important theoretical concepts like free will. Our interdisciplinary group of experts highlighted the need for and the challenges of integrating different approaches and system…
Carlos Calvo Tapia, José Antonio Villacorta-Atienza, Gonzalo Aparicio-Rodríguez, Paloma Manubens + 3 more
Time compaction theory is a general framework explaining how a brain can efficiently deal with dynamic situations occurring in, e.g., sports games. It involves a geometric representation of the time dimension, which enables effective learning and strategic action planning. The theory has recently received experimental…
Victor Altmayer, Sarah Moreno-Rodriguez, Marcela Ovando-Tellez, Benoît Béranger + 2 more
Creativity is a hallmark of human cognition, characterized by the ability to connect seemingly distant concepts or ideas. Existing theories suggest that remote thinking can be achieved either spontaneously (constrained by the structure of semantic memory) or in a goal-directed manner (constrained by a creative goal).…
Nejla Gürefe, Nursena Evrensel Yumrutepe
The examination of thinking skills has become a contemporary and imperative focus within educational research, capturing considerable attention from scholars. The present study endeavors to explore the mediating role of critical thinking tendency in the correlation between affective entry characteristics toward…
Authors not listed
Molecular mechanisms governing initiation steps of the assembly of thousands of endogenous multi-protein complexes (EMCs) remain incompletely understood. Here, multiple lines of observations are reported reflecting the biological functions-aligned initiation sequence of hybrid assembly pathways (HAPs) of EMCs. HAPs…
D. Ramirez Butavand, A. Barbuzza, P. Bekinschtein, F. Ballarini
Stored memories are useless unless they are available for retrieval. Thus, investigating different ways to modulate retrieval is crucial. Novelty has been extensively studied as a modulator of memory. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to a novel event, an innovative neuroscience lesson, can enhance memory…
Siyuan Gan, Jiaheng Liu, Boyan Wang, Tianpei Yang + 7 more
Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement…
Preston P. Thakral, Kevin P. Madore, Ruth E. Gomez, Aleea L. Devitt
The ability to generate novel creative ideas (divergent thinking) is closely linked with our ability to imagine novel future events (episodic simulation). Here, we employed an individual differences approach to examine whether divergent thinking and episodic simulation are differentially associated with episodic and…
Authors not listed
Chemistry curricula often separate “wet” experimental work from “dry” computation, yet modern discovery increasingly demands both. This Perspective offers an instructor-ready roadmap to train “hybrid chemists” within existing courses. We distill recent advances in machine learning, automation, and real-time analytics…
Authors not listed
RNA molecules fold into complex three-dimensional structures that determine their function. A wide range of mathematical frameworks, such as chord diagrams, fatgraphs, and context-free grammars, have been used to represent these structures; however, these models have largely been developed from mathematical motivations…