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Search · four archives
24 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Shraddha Parab, Supriya Bhalerao
These studies have control groups (i.e. comparator that can either be a standard drug or placebo). Controlled trials can be clinical trials (unit of randomization is an individual) or community trials (unit of randomization is a community or cluster). This is an experimental study in which people are allocated to…
Sameh M. Zamzam, Mosaad Abdel-Aziz, Ahmed Atef, Usama Abdel-Naseer + 5 more
'Mostafa Hamoda' 'Mohamed Salah' 'Hazem Dewidar' 'Louay Elsharkawy' 'Mena E. Abdelmalek'] Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are prospective comparative studies in which study groups are allocated randomly to intervention or serve as controls. RCT is the mainstay to achieve evidence in the literature in…
Marina A Malikova
Randomization was first introduced by the statistician and geneticist Sir RA Fisher, who used this technique in agricultural studies in Britain in the 1920s . When first used in human subjects in early 1930s, randomization was literally accomplished by the toss of a coin to determine treatment assignment group.…
Robert Mash, Bolatito B. Fatusin, Edith Madela-Mntla, Christopher Butler
'Christopher Butler'] This article outlines the essential features of clinical trials for doctoral or early career researchers. The World Health Organization has recently emphasised the need for higher quality clinical trials, more trials from low- and middle-income countries, as well as primary care, more engagement…
Natalia Pasternak Taschner, Carlos Orsi
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic gave rise to a spirit of methodological anarchy in some fronts of biomedical research, embraced by some under the excuses of urgency and time restraints. This movement, however, comes at the same time when social sciences begin to recognize the value and soundness of the clinical…
Bonnie J Kaplan, Gerald Giesbrecht, Scott Shannon, Kevin McLeod
Background Both scientists and the public routinely refer to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as being the 'gold standard' of scientific evidence. Although there is no question that placebo-controlled RCTs play a significant role in the evaluation of new pharmaceutical treatments, especially when it is important to…
Yevgen Ryeznik, Oleksandr Sverdlov
Designs Authors: ['Yevgen Ryeznik' 'Oleksandr Sverdlov'] In this paper, we present Insertus.jl, the Julia package that can help the user generate a randomization sequence of a given length for a multi-arm trial with a pre-specified target allocation ratio and assess the operating characteristics of the chosen…
Kaitlyn Hair, Malcolm Macleod, Emily Sena
The ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are widely endorsed but compliance is limited. We sought to determine whether journal-requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist improves full compliance with the guidelines. In a randomised controlled trial, manuscripts reporting in vivo animal…
Joshua Trebach, Ali Graebner, Mark K. Su
“The only way to test a hypothesis is to look for all the information that disagrees with it.” -Karl Popper The word “hypothesis” originates from Greek hypo (“under”) and thesis (“placing”), and its ancient usage was as “a summary of the plot of a classical drama.” Here we will delve into the modern scientific dramas…
Stella M Hartinger, Nestor Nuño, Jan Hattendorf, Hector Verastegui + 2 more
Exposure to unhealthy environments and poor cognitive development are the main risk factors that affect children’s health and wellbeing in low- and middle-income countries. Interventions that simultaneously address several risk factors at the household level have great potential to reduce these negative effects. We…
Chris C. Holmes, James A. Watson
It is widely acknowledged that retrospective exploratory analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) seeking to identify treatment effect heterogeneity (TEH) are prone to bias and false positives. Yet the increasing availability of multiple data modalities on subjects and the desire to learn all we can from trial…
Rocío Titiunik
∗ Prepared for "Advances in Experimental Political Science", edited by James Druckman and Donald Green, to be published by Cambridge University Press. I am grateful to Don Green and Jamie Druckman for their helpful feedback on multiple versions of this chapter, and to Marc Ratkovic and participants at the Advances in…
Huw Llewelyn
A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is accepted as a very reliable way of assessing the efficacy of a treatment. However randomization is sometimes impractical or unethical, especially when assessing the ability of new diagnostic tests to predict the outcome of a treatment if the latter has shown to be superior to…
Thomas Burnett, Pavel Mozgunov, Philip Pallmann, Sofía S. Villar + 2 more
'Graham Wheeler' 'Thomas Jaki'] Adaptive designs for clinical trials permit alterations to a study in response to accumulating data in order to make trials more flexible, ethical and efficient. These benefits are achieved while preserving the integrity and validity of the trial, through the pre-specification and proper…
Alissa Gordon, Emilie Højbjerre‐Frandsen, Alejandro Schuler
In the digital era it is easier than ever to collect and exploit rich covariate information in trials. Recent work explores how to use this information to integrate external controls, including the use of hybrid control trials (HCTs) where a randomized controlled trial is augmented with external controls. HCTs are of…
Elena Pesce, Fabio Rapallo, Eva Riccomagno, Henry P. Wynn
After a rich history in medicine, randomisation control trials both simple and complex are in increasing use in other areas such as web-based AB testing and planning and design decisions. A main objective is to be able to measure parameters, and contrasts in particular, while guarding against biases from hidden…
Joseph M. Strayhorn Jr.
Randomized controlled trials are ubiquitously spoken of as the “gold standard” for testing interventions and establishing causal relations. This article presents evidence for two premises. First: there are often major problems with randomized designs; it is by no means true that the only good design is a randomized…
Fernanda Palhano-Fontes, Dayanna Barreto, Heloisa Onias, Katia C. Andrade + 19 more
Major Depressive Disorder affects about 350 million people worldwide, and about one-third of the patients are considered treatment-resistant. Furthermore, available antidepressants take usually two weeks for the onset of their antidepressant effect. Recent open label trials show that psychedelics, such as ayahuasca and…
Desmond M Ryan, Eran Elhaik
In clinical trials, individuals are matched for demographic criteria, paired, and then randomly assigned to treatment and control groups to determine a drug’s efficacy. The successful completion of pilot trials is a prerequisite to larger and more expensive Phase III trials. One of the chief causes for the…
Frank de Vocht, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Cheryl McQuire, Kate Tilling + 2 more
'Kate Tilling' 'Matthew Hickman' 'Peter Craig'] Natural or quasi experiments are appealing for public health research because they enable the evaluation of events or interventions that are difficult or impossible to manipulate experimentally, such as many policy and health system reforms. However, there remains…
Stefan Appelhoff, Ralph Hertwig, Bernhard Spitzer
When acquiring information about choice alternatives, decision makers may have varying levels of control over which and how much information they sample before making a choice. How does control over sampling affect the quality of experience-based decisions? Here, combining variants of a numerical sampling task with…
Prashanth Athri, Vidhya Murali, Pradyumna Y Muralidhar, Cassandra Königs + 4 more
- 1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India - 2. PES Center for Pattern Recognition, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, PES University, Bengaluru, India - 3. Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Bielefeld University…
Authors not listed
Integrating machine learning (ML) into drug discovery has ushered in a new era of innovation, dramatically enhancing the efficiency and precision of identifying and developing new therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current applications of machine learning in drug discovery, focusing on…
Long Qian, Xin Lu, Parvez Haris, Jianyong Zhu + 2 more
Clinical trials are crucial for drug development, but they require significant time and financial resources. Additionally, uncertainties may arise during these trials concerning their results due to concerns surrounding effectiveness, safety, or the enrollment of participants. If robust AI (artificial intelligence)…