23 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Nicholas Carrara
The following three sections and appendices are taken from my thesis "The Foundations of Inference and its Application to Fundamental Physics" from 2021, in which I construct a theory of entropic inference from first principles. The majority of these chapters are not original, but are a collection of various sources…
Gerhard Schurz
In the first part of the paper (sec. 1-4), I argue that Elqayam and Evan's ([13]) distinction between normative and instrumental conceptions of cognitive rationality corresponds to deontological vs. teleological accounts in meta-ethics. I suggest that Elqayam and Evans' distinction be replaced by the distinction…
Authors not listed
Step-by-step thinking is essential in all domains of chemical sciences and engineering. While machine learning tools are broadly used, algorithms that automate reasoning are far less common. We elaborate on seven categories of human reasoning activities and connect each to applications in chemical science and…
Tianfan Jin, Brett M Savoie
Contemporary machine learning algorithms have largely succeeded in automating the development of mathematical models from data. Although this is a striking accomplishment, it leaves unaddressed the multitude of scenarios, especially across the chemical sciences and engineering, where deductive, rather than inductive…
Francisco Salto, Carmen Requena, Paula Álvarez-Merino, Luís F. Antón-Toro + 1 more
'Luís F. Antón-Toro' 'Fernando Maestú'] Neuroscience has studied deductive reasoning over the last 20 years under the assumption that deductive inferences are not only de jure but also de facto distinct from other forms of inference. The objective of this research is to verify if logically valid deductions leave any…
Yacin Hamami, Marie Amalric
Deductive reasoning is essential to most of our scientific and technological achievements and is a crucial component to scientific education. In Western culture, deductive reasoning first emerged as a dedicated mode of thinking in the field of geometry, but the cognitive mechanisms behind this major intellectual…
Anthony Hunter
Argumentation is a non-monotonic process. This reflects the fact that argumentation involves uncertain information, and so new information can cause a change in the conclusions drawn. However, the base logic does not need to be non-monotonic. Indeed, most proposals for structured argumentation use a monotonic base…
Lev V. Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L. Kalmykov
The long-standing contradiction between formulations of the competitive exclusion principle and natural diversity of trophically similar species is known as the biodiversity paradox. Earlier we found that coexistence of complete competitors is possible despite 100% difference in competitiveness, but only under certain…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Nancy Abigail Nuñez Hernández, Francisco Hernández Quiroz
Accounting for the epistemic contribution of deduction has been a pervasive problem for logicians interested in deduction, such as, among others, Jakko Hintikka. The problem arises because the conclusion validly deduced from a set of premises is said to be "contained" in that set; because of this containment relation…
Donald J. DeGracia, Fika Tri Anggraini, Doaa Taha Metwally Taha, Zhi-Feng Huang
'Zhi-Feng Huang'] Many clinically relevant forms of acute injury, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and myocardial infarction, have resisted treatments to prevent cell death following injury. The clinical failures can be linked to the currently used inductive models based on biological specifics of the injury…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Igor Douven, Jonah N. Schupbach
There has been a probabilistic turn in contemporary cognitive science. Far and away, most of the work in this vein is Bayesian, at least in name. Coinciding with this development, philosophers have increasingly promoted Bayesianism as the best normative account of how humans ought to reason. In this paper, we make a…
Martín Pereira-Fariña, Félix Díaz-Hermida, Alberto Bugarín
NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been…
Salma Waheed, Abdul Waheed, Sana Habib, Agnieszka Konys
This study looked at a classical truth logic of multi-propositions that is new in some ways: [1] Alethic modalities were mixed with logical consistency and incompatibility in a single plate form, i.e., necessary consistency (NC), possible consistency (PC)/ possible incompatibility (PI) and impossible incompatibility…
Sun Yunxin, Saparov, Abulhair
Reasoning is a core capability in artificial intelligence systems, for which large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable progress. However, most work focuses exclusively on deductive reasoning, which is problematic since other types of reasoning are also essential in solving real-world problems, and…
Florian Richter
Deduction is the one of the major forms of inferences and commonly used in formal logic. This kind of inference has the feature of monotonicity, which can be problematic. There are different types of inferences that are not monotonic, e.g. abductive inferences. The debate between advocates and critics of abduction as a…
Jihyea Lee, Jerald D. Kralik, YuJin Cha, Jee Hang Lee + 1 more
Causal reasoning is a principal higher-cognitive ability of humans, however, much remains unknown, including (a) the type (systematic versus intermixed) and order (inductive-then-deductive or vice versa) of experience that best achieves causal-chain extraction; (b) how inferences generalize to novel problems…
Henry E. Kyburg
- ( 1 ) I have enough evidence to render the sentence S probable. - (2) So, relative to what I know, it is rational of me to believe S. - (3) Now that I have more evidence, Smay no longer be probable. - ( 4) So now, relative to what I know, it is not rational of me to believe S.
Henry E. Kyburg
A number of writers (Joseph Halpern and Fahiem Bacchus among them) have offered semantics for formal languages in which inferences concerning probabilities can be made. Our concern is different This paper provides a formalization of nonmonotonic inferences in which the conclusion is supported only to a certain degree.…
Shuji Shinohara, Nobuhito Manome, Kouta Suzuki, Ung-il Chung + 4 more
In this study, we start by proposing a causal induction model that incorporates symmetry bias. This model has two parameters that control the strength of symmetry bias and includes conditional probability and conventional models of causal induction as special cases. It can reproduce causal induction of human judgment…
Martin Robinson, Alan Bond, Alexandr Simonov, Jie Zhang + 1 more
Recently, we have introduced the use of techniques drawn from Bayesian statistics to recover kinetic and thermodynamic parameters from voltammetric data, and were able to show that the technique of large amplitude ac voltammetry yielded significantly more accurate parameter values than the equivalent dc approach. In…
Robert Reischke
Confidence contours in parameter space are a helpful tool to compare and classify determined estimators. For more intricate parameter estimations of non-linear nature or complex error structures, the procedure of determining confidence contours is a statistically complex task. For polymer chemists, such particular…