19 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Nicholas Carrara
The following three sections and appendices are taken from my thesis "The Foundations of Inference and its Application to Fundamental Physics" from 2021, in which I construct a theory of entropic inference from first principles. The majority of these chapters are not original, but are a collection of various sources…
Nancy Abigail Nuñez Hernández, Francisco Hernández Quiroz
Accounting for the epistemic contribution of deduction has been a pervasive problem for logicians interested in deduction, such as, among others, Jakko Hintikka. The problem arises because the conclusion validly deduced from a set of premises is said to be "contained" in that set; because of this containment relation…
Authors not listed
Step-by-step thinking is essential in all domains of chemical sciences and engineering. While machine learning tools are broadly used, algorithms that automate reasoning are far less common. We elaborate on seven categories of human reasoning activities and connect each to applications in chemical science and…
Tianfan Jin, Brett M Savoie
Contemporary machine learning algorithms have largely succeeded in automating the development of mathematical models from data. Although this is a striking accomplishment, it leaves unaddressed the multitude of scenarios, especially across the chemical sciences and engineering, where deductive, rather than inductive…
Francisco Salto, Carmen Requena, Paula Alvarez-Merino, Víctor Rodríguez + 2 more
'Víctor Rodríguez' 'Jesús Poza' 'Roberto Hornero'] Introduction Logically valid deductive arguments are clear examples of abstract recursive computational procedures on propositions or on probabilities. However, it is not known if the cortical time-consuming inferential processes in which logical arguments are…
Yacin Hamami, Marie Amalric
Deductive reasoning is essential to most of our scientific and technological achievements and is a crucial component to scientific education. In Western culture, deductive reasoning first emerged as a dedicated mode of thinking in the field of geometry, but the cognitive mechanisms behind this major intellectual…
Atharva Pandey, Kshitij Dubey, Rahul Sharma, Amit Sharma
Despite great performance on Olympiad-level reasoning problems, frontier large language models can still struggle on high school math when presented with novel problems outside standard benchmarks. Going beyond final accuracy, we propose a deductive consistency metric to analyze chain-of-thought output from language…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Tianshi Zheng, Jiayang Cheng, Chunyang Li, Haochen Shi + 5 more
Language Model Reasoning Authors: ['Tianshi Zheng' 'Jiayang Cheng' 'Chunyang Li' 'Haochen Shi' 'Zihao Wang' 'Jiaxin Bai' 'Yangqiu Song' 'Ginny Y. Wong' 'Simon See'] Modern large language models (LLMs) employ various forms of logical inference, both implicitly and explicitly, when addressing reasoning tasks.…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Alexander V. Gheorghiu, David J. Pym
The development of logic has largely been through the deductive paradigm: conclusions are inferred from established premisses. However, the use of logic in the context of both human and machine reasoning is typically through the dual reductive perspective: collections of sufficient premisses are generated from putative…
Salma Waheed, Abdul Waheed, Sana Habib, Agnieszka Konys
This study looked at a classical truth logic of multi-propositions that is new in some ways: [1] Alethic modalities were mixed with logical consistency and incompatibility in a single plate form, i.e., necessary consistency (NC), possible consistency (PC)/ possible incompatibility (PI) and impossible incompatibility…
Sun Yunxin, Saparov, Abulhair
Reasoning is a core capability in artificial intelligence systems, for which large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable progress. However, most work focuses exclusively on deductive reasoning, which is problematic since other types of reasoning are also essential in solving real-world problems, and…
Sofia Raglio, Gabriele Di Antonio, Emiliano Brunamonti, Stefano Ferraina + 1 more
Transitive inference (TI) is a form of deductive reasoning that allows to infer unknown relationships among premises. It is hypothesized that this cognitive task is accomplished by mapping stimuli onto a linear workspace, referred to as the ‘mental line,’ based on their arbitrarily assigned ranks. However, open…
Igor Douven, Steven Verheyen, Shira Elqayam, Peter Gärdenfors + 1 more
'Matías Osta-Vélez'] Whereas the validity of deductive inferences can be characterized in terms of their logical form, this is not true for all inferences that appear pre-theoretically valid. Nonetheless, philosophers have argued that at least some of those inferences-sometimes called “similarity-based inferences” -can…
Mabel Urrutia, Esteban J. Pino, María Troncoso-Seguel, Claudio Bustos + 5 more
Inferences are an indicator of a greater reading comprehension, as they imply a combination of implicit and explicit information that usually combines a textual representation with background knowledge of the reader. The aim of this study is to explore the costs and benefits of the time course of inferences in…
Jacob A. Parker, Alexandre L.S. Filipowicz, Kristen Li, Vijay Balasubramanian + 2 more
Human decision-making behavior varies widely across individuals and task conditions. This variability is often interpreted in terms of different suboptimal decision strategies, but the principles that govern these suboptimalities remain poorly understood. We propose that some of these suboptimalities can be understood…
Selmer Bringsjord, Michael Giancola, Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu, John Slowik + 3 more
'John Slowik' 'James Oswald' 'Paul Bello' 'Micah Clark'] Formal deductive logic, used to express and reason over declarative, axiomatizable content, captures, we now know, essentially all of what is known in mathematics and physics, and captures as well the details of the proofs by which such knowledge has been…
Marika Constant, Michael Pereira, Nathan Faivre, Elisa Filevich
According to Bayesian models, both decisions and confidence are based on the same precision-weighted integration of prior expectations (“priors”) and incoming information (“likelihoods”). This assumes that priors are integrated optimally and equally in decisions and confidence, which has not been tested. In two…