22 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Authors not listed
Step-by-step thinking is essential in all domains of chemical sciences and engineering. While machine learning tools are broadly used, algorithms that automate reasoning are far less common. We elaborate on seven categories of human reasoning activities and connect each to applications in chemical science and…
Krisztián Józsa, Tun Zaw Oo, Diana Borbélyová, Judit Podráczky
Young children possess the fundamental deductive reasoning skills for solving their upcoming problems in their daily lives. These skills are of great importance for their school readiness and academic development. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the age differences and predictive variables of deductive reasoning…
Li Wang, Meng Zhang, Feng Zou, Xin Wu + 1 more
1## INTRODUCTION Deductive reasoning is fundamental to science, human culture, and for deriving solutions to problems in daily life (Fangmeier et al., [brb31853-bib-0024]). The process of deductive reasoning starts with premises and attempts to reach a logically secure conclusion or a series of conclusions from prior…
Antigoni Belekou, Charalabos Papageorgiou, Efstratios Karavasilis, Eleftheria Tsaltas + 3 more
Paradoxes are a special form of reasoning leading to absurd inferences in contrast to logical reasoning that is used to reach valid conclusions. A functional MRI (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate the neural substrates of paradoxical and deductive reasoning. Twenty-four healthy participants were scanned using…
Gerhard Schurz
In the first part of the paper (sec. 1-4), I argue that Elqayam and Evan's ([13]) distinction between normative and instrumental conceptions of cognitive rationality corresponds to deontological vs. teleological accounts in meta-ethics. I suggest that Elqayam and Evans' distinction be replaced by the distinction…
Joanna Sooknanan, Terence Seemungal
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Making a diagnosis is a complex process involving incomplete yet dynamic information. At no other time in the history of medicine has information been so readily available and accessible resulting in a greater need for clarity of thinking. A clear…
Michael K. Chen, Xikun Zhang, Dacheng Tao
in Large Language Models Authors: ['Michael K. Chen' 'Xikun Zhang' 'Dacheng Tao'] Logical reasoning is a critical component of Large Language Models (LLMs), and substantial research efforts in recent years have aimed to enhance their deductive reasoning capabilities. However, existing deductive reasoning benchmarks…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Anthony Hunter
Argumentation is a non-monotonic process. This reflects the fact that argumentation involves uncertain information, and so new information can cause a change in the conclusions drawn. However, the base logic does not need to be non-monotonic. Indeed, most proposals for structured argumentation use a monotonic base…
Tianfan Jin, Brett M Savoie
Contemporary machine learning algorithms have largely succeeded in automating the development of mathematical models from data. Although this is a striking accomplishment, it leaves unaddressed the multitude of scenarios, especially across the chemical sciences and engineering, where deductive, rather than inductive…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
John P. Coetzee, Micah A. Johnson, Youngzie Lee, Allan D. Wu + 2 more
What is the relationship between language and complex thought? In the context of deductive reasoning there are two main views. Under the first, which we label here the language-centric view, language is central to the syntax-like combinatorial operations of complex reasoning. Under the second, which we label here the…
Nancy Abigail Nuñez Hernández, Francisco Hernández Quiroz
Accounting for the epistemic contribution of deduction has been a pervasive problem for logicians interested in deduction, such as, among others, Jakko Hintikka. The problem arises because the conclusion validly deduced from a set of premises is said to be "contained" in that set; because of this containment relation…
Louise Cummings
The deductive paradigm has produced notable successes in epidemiology and public health. But while deductive logic has made a substantial contribution to the public health field, it must be recognized that there are also limits to that contribution. This report examines one such limit: the need for non-deductive models…
Sun Yunxin, Saparov, Abulhair
Reasoning is a core capability in artificial intelligence systems, for which large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable progress. However, most work focuses exclusively on deductive reasoning, which is problematic since other types of reasoning are also essential in solving real-world problems, and…
Alrubyli, Yazeed
The purpose of this paper is to give an easy to understand with step-by-step explanation to allow interested people to fully appreciate the power of natural deduction for first-order logic. Natural deduction as a proof system can be used to prove various statements in propositional logic, but we will see its extension…
Jihyea Lee, Jerald D. Kralik, YuJin Cha, Jee Hang Lee + 1 more
Causal reasoning is a principal higher-cognitive ability of humans, however, much remains unknown, including (a) the type (systematic versus intermixed) and order (inductive-then-deductive or vice versa) of experience that best achieves causal-chain extraction; (b) how inferences generalize to novel problems…
Jingde Cheng
Reasoning Based on Strong Relevant Logics -- A Solution to the Problem of LLM Pre-training Data Exhaustion Authors: ['Jingde Cheng'] Abstract — Recently, it is often said that the data used for the pre-training of large language models (LLMs) have been exhausted. This paper proposes a solution to the problem: Automated…
Kürbis, Nils
This paper formulates a bilateral account of harmony that is an alternative to one proposed by Francez. It builds on an account of harmony for unilateral logic proposed by K ¨urbis and the observation that reading the rules for the connectives of bilateral logic bottom up gives the grounds and consequences of formulas…
Authors not listed
In philosophy and science, a first principle is a basic proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. Ancient Greek philosophy Aristotle defined the first principle as “the first basis from which a thing is known.” First principles thinking (or reasoning from first…
Authors not listed
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) structure determination is an important problem in education, industry, and research. Solving NMR spectra requires expert knowledge, critical thinking, and careful evaluation of multiple features of spectral data. This study explores the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for…
Authors not listed
The scarcity and expense of fatigue data limits optimal design of components and constrains companies to a few well qualified materials when safety-critical applications are concerned. This research investigates different strategies to improve extraction of structured information from unstructured scientific…