23 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Antigoni Belekou, Charalabos Papageorgiou, Efstratios Karavasilis, Eleftheria Tsaltas + 3 more
Paradoxes are a special form of reasoning leading to absurd inferences in contrast to logical reasoning that is used to reach valid conclusions. A functional MRI (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate the neural substrates of paradoxical and deductive reasoning. Twenty-four healthy participants were scanned using…
Authors not listed
Step-by-step thinking is essential in all domains of chemical sciences and engineering. While machine learning tools are broadly used, algorithms that automate reasoning are far less common. We elaborate on seven categories of human reasoning activities and connect each to applications in chemical science and…
Yvonne Berkle, Lukas Schmitt, Antonia Tolzin, Andreas Janson + 3 more
1.2.1#### Deductive reasoning In deductive reasoning, cogent arguments follow formal logical rules that are independent of their content, and the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion (). In non-cogent deductive arguments, the premises cannot guarantee the truth of the conclusion because the…
Krisztián Józsa, Tun Zaw Oo, Diana Borbélyová, Judit Podráczky
Young children possess the fundamental deductive reasoning skills for solving their upcoming problems in their daily lives. These skills are of great importance for their school readiness and academic development. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the age differences and predictive variables of deductive reasoning…
Philipp Mondorf, Barbara Plank
Deductive Reasoning Authors: ['Philipp Mondorf' 'Barbara Plank'] Deductive reasoning plays a pivotal role in the formulation of sound and cohesive arguments. It allows individuals to draw conclusions that logically follow, given the truth value of the information provided. Recent progress in the domain of large…
Janette B. Jacobs, James H. Smith-Spark, Elizabeth J. Newton, Marco Calabria
'Marco Calabria'] Despite its importance to everyday functioning, reasoning is underexplored in developmental dyslexia. The current study investigated verbal deductive reasoning on the Wason selection task, not previously used in dyslexia research despite its well-established pedigree. Reasoning rule was manipulated…
Yacin Hamami, Marie Amalric
Deductive reasoning is essential to most of our scientific and technological achievements and is a crucial component to scientific education. In Western culture, deductive reasoning first emerged as a dedicated mode of thinking in the field of geometry, but the cognitive mechanisms behind this major intellectual…
Michael K. Chen, Xikun Zhang, Dacheng Tao
in Large Language Models Authors: ['Michael K. Chen' 'Xikun Zhang' 'Dacheng Tao'] Logical reasoning is a critical component of Large Language Models (LLMs), and substantial research efforts in recent years have aimed to enhance their deductive reasoning capabilities. However, existing deductive reasoning benchmarks…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Nancy Abigail Nuñez Hernández, Francisco Hernández Quiroz
Accounting for the epistemic contribution of deduction has been a pervasive problem for logicians interested in deduction, such as, among others, Jakko Hintikka. The problem arises because the conclusion validly deduced from a set of premises is said to be "contained" in that set; because of this containment relation…
Wan Wentao, Zining Yang, Yongcan Chen, Chenglin Luo + 5 more
Models Tackling Knowledge-based Reasoning Tasks Authors: ['Wan Wentao' 'Zining Yang' 'Yongcan Chen' 'Chenglin Luo' 'Ruilin Wang' 'Kang Cai' 'Nan Kang' 'Liang Lin' 'Keze Wang'] Deductive reasoning is a crucial logical capability that assists us in solving complex problems based on existing knowledge. Although augmented…
Tianfan Jin, Brett M Savoie
Contemporary machine learning algorithms have largely succeeded in automating the development of mathematical models from data. Although this is a striking accomplishment, it leaves unaddressed the multitude of scenarios, especially across the chemical sciences and engineering, where deductive, rather than inductive…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Shane Fresnoza, Kjell Büsche, Maximilian Kern, Monica Christova + 5 more
'Sascha Freigang' 'Jochen A. Mosbacher' 'Roland H. Grabner' 'Anja Ischebeck' 'Abdolvahed Narmashiri'] Reasoning is the ability to formulate inferences or conclusions from available information. The two major types, deductive and inductive, are thought to rely on distinct cognitive mechanisms and recruit separate brain…
Sun Yunxin, Saparov, Abulhair
Reasoning is a core capability in artificial intelligence systems, for which large language models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable progress. However, most work focuses exclusively on deductive reasoning, which is problematic since other types of reasoning are also essential in solving real-world problems, and…
Jingde Cheng
— Recently, with the application progress of AIGC tools based on large language models (LLMs), led by ChatGPT, many AI experts and more non-professionals are trumpeting the "reasoning ability" of the LLMs. The present author considers that the so-called "reasoning ability" of LLMs are just illusions of those people who…
Kürbis, Nils
This paper formulates a bilateral account of harmony that is an alternative to one proposed by Francez. It builds on an account of harmony for unilateral logic proposed by K ¨urbis and the observation that reading the rules for the connectives of bilateral logic bottom up gives the grounds and consequences of formulas…
Jingde Cheng
Reasoning Based on Strong Relevant Logics -- A Solution to the Problem of LLM Pre-training Data Exhaustion Authors: ['Jingde Cheng'] Abstract — Recently, it is often said that the data used for the pre-training of large language models (LLMs) have been exhausted. This paper proposes a solution to the problem: Automated…
Authors not listed
In philosophy and science, a first principle is a basic proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. Ancient Greek philosophy Aristotle defined the first principle as “the first basis from which a thing is known.” First principles thinking (or reasoning from first…
Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Marco Vasconcelos, Friederike Range, Alex Kacelnik + 1 more
Is human language necessary for logical reasoning? Multiple studies address this by showing animals a bait hidden in either of two inverted cups, briefly lifting one exposing its content and then letting subjects choose. Consistent preference for the baited container is interpreted as evidence of inferential reasoning…
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) structure determination is an important problem in education, industry, and research. Solving NMR spectra requires expert knowledge, critical thinking, and careful evaluation of multiple features of spectral data. This study explores the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for…
Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Marco Vasconcelos, Friederike Range, Alex Kacelnik + 1 more
We critically examine theoretical and experimental evidence that animals’ reason by exclusion, focusing on a widespread protocol known as the 2-Cups Task. We test the hypothesis that subjects solve inference by exclusion tasks by responding independently to two options, without implementing complex reasoning, as…
Blake S. Porter, Catherine Shi, Evgeniia Kozlova, Shantanu P. Jadhav
Inferential reasoning is a vital cognitive ability that enables animals to navigate novel situations by leveraging existing relational knowledge of memory schema. Transitive inference (TI), a classic paradigm for studying this process, tests the ability of subjects to infer relationships within a value hierarchy (e.g.…