26 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Raymond M. Fish, Leslie A. Geddes
Objective: The objective of this article is to explain ways in which electric current is conducted to and through the human body and how this influences the nature of injuries. Methods: This multidisciplinary topic is explained by first reviewing electrical and pathophysiological principles. There are discussions of…
Tomaž Podobnik
Direction Authors: ['Tomaž Podobnik'] The electric current as the flux of current density—a signed scalar, not a vector—is inconsistent with the concept of the current direction, commonly invoked in the electric circuit analyses within, for example, Kirchhoff's current law, the resistance rule, and Lenz's law. This…
Bob Eisenberg
Here, Maxwell's equations are rewritten to include permanent charge and any type of polarization. Rewriting is in one sense petty, and in another sense profound, in either case presumptuous. Either petty or profound, rewriting confirms the legitimacy of electrodynamics that includes permanent charge and realistic…
Waseem Shadid
—This paper presents two new theories and a new current representation to explain the magnetic force between two filamentary current elements as a result of electric force interactions between current charges. The first theory states that a current has an electric charge relative to its moving observer. The second…
Alexander Muacevic, John R Adler, Ranjan K Singh
The supply of household electricity remains a low-voltage (110-220 V) energy source, and its effects on the human body depend on several factors, including the type of contact and duration of contact, among other things. In a significant number of cases, direct contact with household electricity causes reversible…
Yaniv Shlosberg, Matan Meirovich, Omer Yehezkeli, Gadi Schuster + 1 more
Efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy technologies, especially solar energy conversion, continue to improve the potential to produce useful amounts of energy without significant pollution. Utilization of photosynthetic organisms in bio-photo electrochemical cells (BPECs) are a potentially important…
Raymond M. Fish
A 39-year-old male suffered a minute long shock from a 7200-V power line with no sequelae other than mild quadriceps muscle strain. He had parked a truck next to a highway and was standing on asphalt. He reached into the truck and manipulated a plastic-topped hydraulic lift lever. Suddenly, he could not move or feel.…
Bob Eisenberg, Nathan Gold, Zilong Song, Huaxiong Huang
Our digital technology depends on mathematics to compute current flow and design its devices. Mathematics describes current flow by an idealization, Kirchhoff's current law: all the electrons that flow into a node flow out. This idealization describes real circuits only when stray capacitances are included in the…
Bob Eisenberg
Kirchhoff's current law is thought to describe the translational movement of charged particles through resistors. But Kirchhoff's law is widely used to describe movements of current through resistors in high speed devices. Current at high frequencies/short times involves much more than the translation of particles.…
Bob Eisenberg
The electrodynamics of charge guarantee strong correlations between the movements of ions on all time scales, even those of atomic scale thermal motion. Ions in channels have been imagined as hard balls in a macroscopic mechanical model, for a very long time. Hard balls interact by collisions in such models, randomly…
Ahmet S. Asan, Sinan Gok, Mesut Sahin
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is rapidly becoming an indispensable clinical tool with its different forms. Animal data are crucially needed for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tES. For reproducibility of results in animal experiments, the electric fields (E-Fields) inside the brain…
Gozde Unal, Jaiti K. Swami, Carliza Canela, Samantha Cohen + 6 more
The physical properties of the Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) stimulus markedly effect both efficacy and cognitive side effects. Combining records of clinical ECT, device measurements, and MRI-derived FEM computational head models, we consider the sources and relationship between static impedance, dynamic impedance…
Carlos A. Sánchez-León, Isabel Cordones, Claudia Ammann, José M. Ausín + 8 more
Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique consisting in the application of weak electric currents on the scalp. Although previous studies have demonstrated the clinical value of tDCS for modulating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions, there are still huge gaps in…
Devon Davidian, Melanie LeGro, Paul G. Barghouth, Salvador Rojas + 5 more
Exposure to high levels of ionizing γ-radiation leads to irreversible DNA damage and cell death. Here, we establish that exogenous application of electric stimulation enables cellular plasticity to reestablish stem cell activity in tissues damaged by ionizing radiation. We show that sub-threshold direct current…
Han Lu, Júlia V. Gallinaro, Stefan Rotter
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a variant of non-invasive neuromodulation, which promises treatment for brain diseases like major depressive disorder. In experiments, long-lasting aftereffects were observed, suggesting that persistent plastic changes are induced. The mechanism underlying the emergence…
Robert S. Eisenberg
When forces are applied to matter, the distribution of mass changes. Similarly, when an electric field is applied to matter with charge, the distribution of charge changes. The change in the distribution of charge (when a local electric field is applied) might in general be called the induced charge. When the change in…
Mariano Fernandez-Corazza, Sergei Turovets, Carlos Muravchik
One of the major questions in high-density transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is: given a region of interest (ROI), and given electric current limits for safety, how much current should be delivered by each electrode for optimal targeting? Several solutions, apparently unrelated, have been independently proposed…
Authors not listed
In-liquid plasma electrolysis refers to the ignition of a plasma in a thin vapor layer surrounding a solid electrode immersed in a liquid electrolyte and its associated processes. Over the last century, this phenomenon has been described under various names and is frequently denoted as Contact Glow Discharge…
William Bechtel, Richard Vagnino
Research devoted to characterizing phenomena is underappreciated in philosophical accounts of scientific inquiry. This paper develops a diachronic analysis of research over 100 years that led to the recognition of two related electrophysiological phenomena, the membrane potential and the action potential. A diachronic…
Thierry Paillat, Gerard Touchard, Yves Bertrand
At a solid/liquid interface, physico-chemical phenomena occur that lead to the separation of electrical charges, establishing a zone called electrical double layer. The convection of one part of these charges by the liquid flow is the cause of the flow electrification phenomenon which is suspected of being responsible…
William Bro-Jørgensen, Gemma C. Solomon
While the use of molecular orbitals (MOs) and their isosurfaces to explain physical phenomena in chemical systems are a time-honored tool, we show that the nodes are an equally important componentfor understanding the current density through single-molecule junctions. We investigate three dif- ferent model systems…
William Bro-Jørgensen, Gemma C. Solomon
While the use of molecular orbitals (MOs) and their isosurfaces to explain physical phenomena in chemical systems are a time-honored tool, we show that the nodes are an equally important componentfor understanding the current density through single-molecule junctions. We investigate three dif- ferent model systems…
Authors not listed
Porous electrodes are ubiquitous to electrochemical technologies for energy conversion and storage, where they play a set of critical roles in the performance and cost of the systems. While progress on electrode design has been mostly driven by experimentation which is time- and resource-intensive, predictive design…
Authors not listed
Power and energy density represent a trade-off in design of lithium-ion batteries. This is because for high energy density thick electrodes are required, and for high power density thin electrodes are required. A strategy to break this trade-off is to develop electrodes with regions of low tortuosity (e.g. cracks or…
Authors not listed
As demand rises for scalable and sustainable energy storage, fast and low-cost diagnostics capable of identifying cell-to-cell variations are urgently needed, particularly for factory-produced sorting and second-life assessment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used but remains slow, expensive and…
Dharik Mallapragada, Yury Dvorkin, Miguel Modestino, Daniel Esposito + 14 more
The chemical industry is a major source of economic productivity and employment globally and among the top 3 industrial sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, along with steel and cement. As global demand for chemical products continues to grow, there is an urgency to develop and deploy sustainable chemical…