23 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
José Eymard Homem Pittella
The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important aspects of the anatomical and functional uniqueness of the human brain. For this, a comparison is made between our brains and those of our closest ancestors (chimpanzees and bonobos) and human ancestors. During human evolution, several changes occurred in…
Alexey Semyanov, Alexei Verkhratsky
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all cells in the brain are created equal and work in concert thus producing our emotions, and thoughts, and behaviors.” Paraphrasing Declaration of Independence of the thirteen United States of America, 1776. The human brain (as well as brains of other mammals) is a…
Michel A. Hofman
Comparative studies of the brain in mammals suggest that there are general architectural principles governing its growth and evolutionary development. We are beginning to understand the geometric, biophysical and energy constraints that have governed the evolution and functional organization of the brain and its…
Jiawei Zhang
In this paper, we will provide an introduction to the brain structure and function. Brain is an astonishing living organ inside our heads, weighing about 1.5kg, consisting of billions of tiny cells. The brain enables us to sense the world around us (to touch, to smell, to see and to hear, etc.), to think and to respond…
Shengyong Xu, Jingjing Xu, Ru-Jun Dai
A brain is a parallel processer. Sensing and analyzing images, sounds, smells, touches, temperatures, etc., as well as reacting with voices and body motion, may all proceed at the same time in parallel. In the cortex, individual local regions assigned for these parallel different functions separate with each other by a…
Shahid Bashir
Understanding the human brain is one of the greatest challenges facing 21st century science. For a long time though, it has been a closed black box to us. Different strategies have been employed in trying to unravel the mysteries inside the black box. On this basis, the goal is to discover more and more complex…
Sunil K. Pandya
Treatment of diseases of the brain by drugs or surgery necessitates an understanding of its structure and functions. The philosophical neurosurgeon soon encounters difficulties when localising the abstract concepts of mind and soul within the tangible 1300-gram organ containing 100 billion neurones. Hippocrates had…
Ajai R. Singh, Shakuntala A. Singh
Brain, Mind and Consciousness are the research concerns of psychiatrists, psychologists, neurologists, cognitive neuroscientists and philosophers. All of them are working in different and important ways to understand the workings of the brain, the mysteries of the mind and to grasp that elusive concept called…
Włodzisław Duch
Phenomics is concerned with detailed description of all aspects of organisms, from their physical foundations at genetic, molecular and cellular level, to behavioural and psychological traits. Neuropsychiatric phenomics, endorsed by NIMH, provides such broad perspective to understand mental disorders. It is clear that…
Taylor Bolt, Lucina Q. Uddin
A reader of the peer-reviewed neuroscience literature will often encounter expressions like the following: ‘the brain is a dynamic system’, ‘the brain is a complex network’, or ‘the brain is a highly metabolic organ’. These expressions attempt to define the essential functions and properties of the mammalian or human…
Jeel Moya-Salazar, Hans Contreras-Pulache
This article presents a novel perspective on the structure and function of the human cortex, grounded in the Sociobiological Informational Theory (SIT). SIT offers a conceptual framework that integrates biological, psychological, and social dimensions of brain activity, challenging traditional anatomical and…
Feline W. Lindhout, Hanna M. Szafranska, Luca Gulglielmi, Ivan Imaz-Rosshandler + 11 more
The considerably slow timing of human brain development correlates with an evolutionary increase in brain size, cell numbers and structural complexity and connectivity of neurons. At later stages, this developmental slowing becomes even more pronounced as human neurons form their elaborate axons, dendrites, and…
Kuranosuke Takagi, Osamu Kondo
The uniqueness of human brain growth and development has been considered promising to understand the advanced cognitive ability of humans. Compared with that of chimpanzees, the human endocranium undergoes several characteristic shape changes immediately after birth, which has been termed “endocranial globularization.”…
Feline W. Lindhout, Hanna M. Szafranska, Ivan Imaz-Rosshandler, Luca Guglielmi + 9 more
The considerably slow pace of human brain development correlates with an evolutionary increase in brain size, cell numbers, and expansion of neuronal structures, with axon tracts undergoing an even greater evolutionary increase than other neuronal domains. However, whether tempo is responsible for these differences in…
Corina J Logan, Shahar Avin, Neeltje Boogert, Andrew Buskell + 8 more
Despite prolonged interest in comparing brain size and behavioral proxies of ‘intelligence’ across taxa, the adaptive and cognitive significance of brain size variation remains elusive. Central to this problem is the continued focus on hominid cognition as a benchmark, and the assumption that behavioral complexity has…
Alex Gomez-Marin, Zachary F Mainen
Over the past decade neuroscience has been attacking the problem of cognition with increasing vigor. Yet, what exactly is cognition, beyond a general signifier of anything seemingly complex the brain does? Here, we briefly review attempts to define, describe, explain, build, enhance and experience cognition. We…
Damian G. Kelty‐Stephen, Paul E. Cisek, Benjamin De Bari, James Dixon + 7 more
'James Dixon' 'Luis H. Favela' 'Fred Hasselman' 'Fred Keijzer' 'Vicente Raja' 'Jeffrey B. Wagman' 'Brandon J. Thomas' 'Madhur Mangalam'] The brain-as-computer metaphor has anchored the professed computational nature of mind, wresting it down from the intangible logic of Platonic philosophy to a material basis for…
Vladimir Shalgunov, Sara Irence Lopes van den Broek, Ida Vang Andersen, Rocío García Vázquez + 12 more
Vladimir Shalgunov 1 , Sara Lopes van den Broek 1 , Ida Vang Andersen 1 , Rocío García Vázquez 1 , Nakul Raval 1 , Mikael Palner 1 , Yuki Mori 1 , Gabriela Schäfer 2 , Hannes Mikula 3 , Natalie Beschorner 1 , Maiken Nedergaard 1 , Stina Syvänen 4 , Matthias Barz 2 , Gitte Moos Knudsen 1 , Umberto Maria Battisti 1 …
Rebecca Howell, Rinco Wang, David McDonald, David Spiegel
We present the application of Angiopep-2 as a molecular degrader of extracellular proteins (MoDE) promoting target protein removal by both transcytosis and lysosomal degradation mechanisms in brain endothelial cells. The accumulation of pathogenic proteins is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, and removal…
Koichi Handa, Daichi Fujita, Mariko Hirano, Saki Yoshimura + 2 more
Given the aging populations in advanced countries globally, many pharmaceutical companies have focused on developing central nervous system (CNS) drugs. However, due to the blood-brain barrier, drugs do not easily reach the target area in the brain. Although conventional screening methods for drug discovery involve the…
Authors not listed
The development of effective neurological treatments remains a challenge due to the low permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The use of nanoparticles for brain drug delivery is promising, but the level of BBB crossing remains low, typically around 0.5-3%. We report the synthesis of negatively charged…
Jiwon Lee
Dopamine is a hormone that is released by the adrenal gland and influences motor control and motivation. Dopamine is known to have 5 receptors which are D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, which are further categorized into 2 families: D1 family and D2 family. The D1 family is known to play a role in motivation and motor control…
Miriam Bassler, Jonas Hiller, Frank Wackenhut, Sven zur Oven-Krockhaus + 9 more
Malignant primary brain tumors are a group of highly aggressive and often infiltrating tumors that lack adequate therapeutic treatments to achieve long time survival. Complete tumor removal is one precondition to reach this goal. A promising approach to optimize resection margins and eliminate remaining infiltrative…