18 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Stefan Zimmermann, Dietrich Klusmann, Wolfgang Hampe, Michael Massiah
'Michael Massiah'] Cheating is a common phenomenon in high stakes admission, licensing and university exams and threatens their validity. To detect if some exam questions had been affected by cheating, we simulated how data would look like if some test takers possessed item preknowledge: Responses to a small number of…
Milton Severo, Fernanda Silva-Pereira, Maria Amelia Ferreira, Magda Monteiro + 1 more
'Magda Monteiro' 'Isabel Pereira'] Background Computer and paper examinations in our days are constructed from an item pool which is regularly updated. Given the way that exams are created, one of the major concerns is the security of the items that are being used in order to ensure a good estimation of abilities. The…
Yunxiao Chen, Yan Lu, Irini Moustaki
The paper proposes a new latent variable model for the simultaneous (two-way) detection of outlying individuals and items for item-response-type data. The proposed model is a synergy between a factor model for binary responses and continuous response times that captures normal item response behaviour and a latent class…
Oxygen AIIC, Chan Long, Chao Liu, Chaofan Chen + 51 more
JD.com, one of the world's largest e-commerce platforms, serves over 700 million active users and millions of merchants, with a catalog of tens of billions of SKUs. At this scale, high-quality, structured item knowledge underpins a better consumer experience, lower management costs, and higher operational…
Zhe Chen, Kyle R. Cave
Many studies have shown that increasing the number of neutral stimuli in a display decreases distractor interference. This result has been interpreted within two different frameworks; a perceptual load account, based on a reduction in spare resources, and a dilution account, based on a degradation in distractor…
Pierre-Yves Jonin, Quentin Duché, Elise Bannier, Isabelle Corouge + 4 more
Impaired memory is a hallmark of prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Prior knowledge associated with the memoranda has proved to have a powerful effect on memory in healthy subjects. Yet, barely nothing is known about its effect in early AD. We used functional MRI to ask whether prior knowledge enhanced memory encoding…
Oded Bein, Niv Reggev, Anat Maril
What does it mean to say, “a new association is learned”? And how is this learning different when adding new information to already-existing knowledge? Here, participants associated pairs of faces while undergoing fMRI, under two different conditions: a famous, highly-familiar face with a novel face or two novel faces.…
Oded Bein, Neta Livneh, Niv Reggev, Michael Gilead + 3 more
'Yonatan Goshen-Gottstein' 'Anat Maril' 'Michael A Motes'] A fundamental challenge in the study of learning and memory is to understand the role of existing knowledge in the encoding and retrieval of new episodic information. The importance of prior knowledge in memory is demonstrated in the congruency effect-the…
Ngoc Luyen Le, Michael Abel
—Prerequisite skills - foundational competencies required before mastering more advanced concepts - are important for supporting effective learning, assessment, and skillgap analysis. Traditionally curated by domain experts, these relationships are costly to maintain and difficult to scale. This paper investigates…
Oliver Kliegl, Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml
The pretesting effect refers to the finding that tests performed before to-be learned material is encountered can enhance later retention of the material, even when no correct answers were provided on the initial pretest. The goal of the present study was to examine whether interspersing pretest questions between the…
Cécile Gal, Ioana Țincaș, Vasile V. Moca, Andrei Ciuparu + 4 more
Recognising objects is a vital skill on which humans heavily rely to respond quickly and adaptively to their environment. Yet, we lack understanding on the role visual information sampling plays in this process, and its relation to the individual’s priors. To bridge this gap, the eye-movements of 18 adult participants…
Emily J. Levin, James A. Brissenden, Alexander Fengler, David Badre
The predicted utility of information stored in working memory (WM) is hypothesized to influence the strategic allocation of WM resources. Prior work has shown that when information is prioritized, it is remembered with greater precision relative to other remembered items. However, these paradigms often complicate…
Boxi Cao, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, Le Sun
Knowledge plays a critical role in artificial intelligence. Recently, the extensive success of pre-trained language models (PLMs) has raised significant attention about how knowledge can be acquired, maintained, updated and used by language models. Despite the enormous amount of related studies, there still lacks a…
Jinhyeok Jang, Jaehong Kim, Jung Uk Kim
Pre-trained weights have become a cornerstone of modern deep learning, enabling efficient knowledge transfer and improving downstream task performance, especially in data-scarce scenarios. However, a fundamental question remains: how can we obtain better pre-trained weights that encapsulate more knowledge beyond the…
Wen Wen, Yichen Wu, Robert M.G. Reinhart, Sheng Li
The brain processes vast information every second, much of which is irrelevant. Given the massive distracting information in which a target is embedded, the ability to manage distractions becomes the determinant of efficient information processing. Fortunately, the visual world is not entirely random; prior knowledge…
Dakota R. B. Lindsey, Tyler L. Harrison
In tasks that measure serial-order memory, it is common to observe a “fill-in tendency”-when a person skips an item, the next item they report is more likely to be the skipped item (a fill-in response) than the next list item (an infill response). They tend to “fill in” the blank they skipped. The fill-in tendency has…
Hyojeong Kim, Margaret L. Schlichting, Alison R. Preston, Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock
The human brain constantly anticipates the future based on memories of the past. Encountering a familiar situation reactivates memory of previous encounters which can trigger a prediction of what comes next to facilitate responsiveness. However, a prediction error can lead to pruning of the offending memory, a process…
Sudeshna Roy, Meghana Madhyastha, Sheril Lawrence, Vaibhav Rajan
The Internet has rich and rapidly increasing sources of high quality educational content. Inferring prerequisite relations between educational concepts is required for modern large-scale online educational technology applications such as personalized recommendations and automatic curriculum creation. We present PREREQ…