25 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Tad A. Dallas, Martin Krkošek, John M. Drake
Host density thresholds to pathogen invasion separate regions of parameter space corresponding to endemic and disease-free states. The host density threshold is a central concept in theoretical epidemiology and a common target of human and wildlife disease control programmes, but there is mixed evidence supporting the…
Ruijiao Sun, Jason Cosens Walsman, Mark Wilber, Cheryl J. Briggs
Disease outcomes depend heavily on infection intensity which is often heterogeneous across and within host populations. Most individuals carry low pathogen loads and a few carry high loads, a pattern known as aggregation. While well-characterized in macroparasite systems, aggregation and infection intensity are rarely…
Katherine Pline, Simon Johnston
Major determinants of the outcome of infection include growth of the pathogen and response of immune cells such as macrophages. Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen which may grow within the extracellular environment, or may exploit host macrophages as a niche for replication and dissemination. The clinical…
Thomas Caraco
Humans, domestic animals, orchard crops, and ornamental plants are commonly treated with antibiotics in response to bacterial infection. By curing infectious individuals, antibiotic therapy might limit the spread of contagious disease among hosts. But an antibiotic's suppression of within-host pathogen density might…
Amy E. Kendig, Erin R. Spear, S. Caroline Daws, S. Luke Flory + 1 more
The densities of highly competent plant hosts may shape pathogen community composition and disease severity, altering disease risk and impacts. Life history and evolutionary history influence host competence: longer-lived species tend to be better defended than shorter-lived species and pathogens adapt to infect…
Jason W. Olejarz, Kirstin I. Oliveira Roster, Stephen M. Kissler, Marc Lipsitch + 1 more
'Marc Lipsitch' 'Yonatan H. Grad'] Public health surveillance for pathogens presents an optimization problem: we require enough sampling to identify intervention-triggering shifts in pathogen epidemiology, such as new introductions or sudden increases in prevalence, but not so much that costs due to surveillance itself…
Tommaso Biancalani, Jeff Gore
Quantifying virulence remains a central problem in human health, pest control, disease ecology, and evolutionary biology. Bacterial virulence is typically quantified by the LT50 (i.e. the time taken to kill 50% of infected hosts), however, such an indicator cannot account for the full complexity of the infection…
Claudia Jarquin, Benjamin F. Arnold, Fredy Muñoz, Beatriz Lopez + 8 more
'Victoria M. Cuéllar' 'Andrew Thornton' 'Jaymin Patel' 'Lisette Reyes' 'Sharon L. Roy' 'Joe P. Bryan' 'John P. McCracken' 'John M. Colford Jr.'] Poor sanitation could pose greater risk for enteric pathogen transmission at higher human population densities because of greater potential for pathogens to infect new hosts…
Stephen T. Abedon
Bacteriophages can be used as antibacterial agents as a form of biological control, e.g., such as phage therapy. With active treatment, phages must “actively” produce new virions, in situ, to attain “inundative” densities, i.e., sufficient titers to eradicate bacteria over reasonable timeframes. Passive treatment, by…
Alexey Mikaberidze, Christopher C. Mundt, Sebastian Bonhoeffer
Plant diseases often cause serious yield losses in agriculture. A pathogen's reproductive fitness can be quantified by the basic reproductive number, R0. Since pathogen transmission between host plants depends on the spatial separation between them, R0 is strongly influenced by the spatial scales of pathogen dispersal…
Freja Nordsiek, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Gholamhossein Bagheri
In the case of airborne diseases, pathogen copies are transmitted by droplets of respiratory tract fluid that are exhaled by the infectious that stay suspended in the air for some time and, after partial or full drying, inhaled as aerosols by the susceptible. The risk of infection in indoor environments is typically…
Michael H. Cortez, Meghan A. Duffy
Biodiversity in communities is changing globally, including the gain and loss of host species in host-pathogen communities. The dilution effect argues for a mechanistic link between increased host diversity and decreased disease in a focal host. However, we currently have a limited understanding of how the pathogen…
Daniel F.Q. Smith, Arturo Casadevall
Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a mathematical description of an individual microbe, virus, or parasite’s ability to cause disease in a host, given the variables of inoculum, symptomology, mortality, and in some instances, median survival time of the host. We investigated the relationship between pathogenic potential (PP)…
Francois Balloux, Lucy van Dorp
Microbes are found on us, within us and around us. They inhabit virtually every environment on the planet and the bacteria carried by an average human, mostly in their gut, outnumber human cells. The vast majority of microbes are harmless to us, and many play essential roles in plant, animal and human health. Others…
Daniel F. Q. Smith, Arturo Casadevall, Michal A. Olszewski
Pathogenic Potential (PP) is a mathematical description of an individual microbe, virus, or parasite’s ability to cause disease in a host, given the variables of inoculum, signs of disease, mortality, and in some instances, median survival time of the host. We investigated the relationship between pathogenic potential…
Amanda M. Wilson, Kelly A. Reynolds, Jonathan D. Sexton, Robert A. Canales + 1 more
'Robert A. Canales' 'Johanna Björkroth'] It is known that the use of EPA-registered surface disinfectant sprays can reduce infection risk if used according to the manufacturer's instructions. However, there are currently no standards for health care environments related to contamination levels on surfaces. The…
Lara Goscé, David A. W. Barton, Anders Johansson
Since 1927, until recently, models describing the spread of disease have mostly been of the SIRcompartmental type, based on the assumption that populations are homogeneous and well-mixed. The focus of these models have typically been on large-scale analysis of scenarios such as cities, nations or even world scale. SIR…
Todd L. Parsons, Amaury Lambert, Troy Day, Sylvain Gandon
The theory of life history evolution provides a powerful framework to understand the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens in both epidemic and endemic situations. This framework, however, relies on the assumption that pathogen populations are very large and that one can neglect the effects of demographic stochasticity.…
Authors not listed
Plant pathogen zoospores play a vital role in the transmission of several significant plant diseases, with their early detection being important for effective pathogen management. Current methods for pathogen detection involve labour-intensive specimen collection and laboratory testing, lacking real-time feedback…
Anjali Gupta, Robert L. Unckless
The pathogenicity of a microbe is difficult to define in a comparative context: across microbes with varying virulence or across host genotypes with varying susceptibilities. Several different statistical approaches have been employed to investigate pathogenicity and susceptibility. Measures like proportional mortality…
Dmitry Malyshev, Tobias Dahlberg, Rasmus Öberg, Lars Landström + 1 more
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite and among the most infectious diarrhea-causing pathogens, leading to severe health problems for malnourished children and immunocompromised individuals. Outbreaks are common even in developed countries, originating from water or food contamination and resulting in…
Soleil E. Worthy, Lanxiadi Chen, Gurcharan K. Uppal, Yu Xi + 7 more
Ice nucleating substances (INSs) influence the properties and frequencies of ice and mixed-phase clouds in the atmosphere, and hence, climate and the hydrological cycle. INSs can be classified as inorganic (e.g., mineral dust, volcanic ash) or organic (e.g., bacterial cells, cell-free proteins). While the properties of…
Sheikh Sunzid Ahmed
Francisella tularensis Schu S4 is the causal agent of a sporadic zoonotic disease known as Tularemia, which has shown epidemic outbreaks recently in certain parts of the world. This pathogen is a potential agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism and is classified as a category A pathogen by the National Institute of…
Zicong Zhang, Lixun Zhu, Ziwei Deng, Jialin Zeng + 4 more
Microbial pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, greatly threaten the global public health. For pathogen infections, early diagnosis and precise treatment are essential to cut the mortality rate. The emergence of aggregationinduced emission (AIE) biomaterials provides an effective and promising tool for the…
Mi Jin Lee, Kanghun Kim, Junik Son, Deok‐Sun Lee
The spatial distributions of diverse facilities is often understood in terms of the optimization of the commute distance or the economic profit. Incorporating more general objective functions into such optimization framework may be useful, helping the policy decisions to meet various social and economic demands. As an…