25 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
Jie Huang, Kevin Chen–Chuan Chang
Reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence that plays a crucial role in activities such as problem solving, decision making, and critical thinking. In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in natural language processing, and there is observation that these models may…
Jingde Cheng
— Recently, with the application progress of AIGC tools based on large language models (LLMs), led by ChatGPT, many AI experts and more non-professionals are trumpeting the "reasoning ability" of the LLMs. The present author considers that the so-called "reasoning ability" of LLMs are just illusions of those people who…
Authors not listed
Step-by-step thinking is essential in all domains of chemical sciences and engineering. While machine learning tools are broadly used, algorithms that automate reasoning are far less common. We elaborate on seven categories of human reasoning activities and connect each to applications in chemical science and…
Fei Yu, Hongbo Zhang, Prayag Tiwari, Benyou Wang
This survey paper proposes a clearer view of natural language reasoning in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), both conceptually and practically. Conceptually, we provide a distinct definition for natural language reasoning in NLP, based on both philosophy and NLP scenarios, discuss what types of tasks…
David Papo
The brain did not develop a dedicated device for reasoning. This fact bears dramatic consequences. While for perceptuo-motor functions neural activity is shaped by the input's statistical properties, and processing is carried out at high speed in hardwired spatially segregated modules, in reasoning, neural activity is…
Vinod Goel, Gorka Navarrete, Ira A. Noveck, Jérôme Prado
The ability to reach logical conclusions on the basis of prior information is central to human cognition. Yet, it is generally agreed that the state of our knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning remains incomplete and highly fragmented (e.g., Khemlani and Johnson-Laird, ). The emergence of…
Evan Heit
This review focuses on the issue of how neuroimaging studies address theoretical accounts of reasoning, through the lens of the method of forward inference (Henson, [21], [22]). After theories of deductive and inductive reasoning are briefly presented, the method of forward inference for distinguishing between…
Liena Hačatrjana, Dace Namsone
Various skills related to critical thinking, reasoning, and scientific reasoning are defined as essential for students in policy documents and curricula around the world as essential both in school and in everyday life. However, these concepts are often too vaguely defined and explained for a clear implementation in…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Emmanuelle-Anna Dietz Saldanha, Antonis Kakas
This paper addresses the challenge of modeling human reasoning, within a new framework called Cognitive Argumentation. This framework rests on the assumption that human logical reasoning is inherently a process of dialectic argumentation and aims to develop a cognitive model for human reasoning that is computational…
Hope Kean, Alexander Fung, Paris Jaggers, Jason Chen + 6 more
Humans are endowed with a powerful capacity for both inductive and deductive logical thought: we easily form generalizations based on a few examples and draw conclusions from known premises. Humans also arguably have the most sophisticated communication system in the animal kingdom: natural language allows us to…
Jingde Cheng
Reasoning Based on Strong Relevant Logics -- A Solution to the Problem of LLM Pre-training Data Exhaustion Authors: ['Jingde Cheng'] Abstract — Recently, it is often said that the data used for the pre-training of large language models (LLMs) have been exhausted. This paper proposes a solution to the problem: Automated…
Isaac R. Christian, Samuel A. Nastase
Humans spend time contemplating the minds of others. But this ability is not limited to external agents – we also turn the lens for reading minds inward, reflecting on our own thoughts, emotions, and sense of self. Some processes involved in reasoning about minds may rely on shared mechanisms, while others may be…
Maryam Ziaei, Mohammad Reza Bonyadi, David Reutens
Prior knowledge and beliefs influence our reasoning in daily life and may lead us to draw unwarranted conclusions with undesirable consequences. The underlying neural correlates of the interaction between belief and logic, prior to making logical decisions, are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify brain…
Authors not listed
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) structure determination is an important problem in education, industry, and research. Solving NMR spectra requires expert knowledge, critical thinking, and careful evaluation of multiple features of spectral data. This study explores the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for…
Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Marco Vasconcelos, Friederike Range, Alex Kacelnik + 1 more
We critically examine theoretical and experimental evidence that animals’ reason by exclusion, focusing on a widespread protocol known as the 2-Cups Task. We test the hypothesis that subjects solve inference by exclusion tasks by responding independently to two options, without implementing complex reasoning, as…
Walter Schroyens, Lieve Fleerackers, Sunile Maes
reasoning about probable but false antecedent to consequent relations Authors: ['Walter Schroyens' 'Lieve Fleerackers' 'Sunile Maes'] Two experiments (N1 = 117 and N2 = 245) on reasoning with knowledge-rich conditionals showed a main effect of logical validity, which was due to the negative effect of counter-examples…
Vinod Goel
We consider ourselves to be rational beings. We feel that our choices, decisions, and actions are selected from a flexible array of possibilities, based upon reasons. When we vote for a political candidate, it is because they share our views on certain critical issues. When we hire an individual for a job, it is…
Antonis Kakas, Loizos Michael
This paper presents Abduction and Argumentation as two principled forms for reasoning, and fleshes out the fundamental role that they can play within Machine Learning. It reviews the state-of-the-art work over the past few decades on the link of these two reasoning forms with machine learning work, and from this it…
Authors not listed
In philosophy and science, a first principle is a basic proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. Ancient Greek philosophy Aristotle defined the first principle as “the first basis from which a thing is known.” First principles thinking (or reasoning from first…
Daniel Whiting
What is a normative reason for acting? In this paper, I introduce and defend a novel answer to this question. The starting-point is the view that reasons are right-makers. By exploring difficulties facing it, I arrive at an alternative, according to which reasons are evidence of respects in which it is right to perform…
Dániel Rivas-Blanco, Marco Vasconcelos, Friederike Range, Alex Kacelnik + 1 more
Is human language necessary for logical reasoning? Multiple studies address this by showing animals a bait hidden in either of two inverted cups, briefly lifting one exposing its content and then letting subjects choose. Consistent preference for the baited container is interpreted as evidence of inferential reasoning…
Kotaro Funakoshi
This paper1 presents Non-Axiomatic Term Logic (NATL) as a theoretical computational framework of humanlike symbolic reasoning in artificial intelligence. NATL unites a discrete syntactic system inspired from Aristotle's term logic and a continuous semantic system based on the modern idea of distributed representations…
Tianfan Jin, Brett M Savoie
Contemporary machine learning algorithms have largely succeeded in automating the development of mathematical models from data. Although this is a striking accomplishment, it leaves unaddressed the multitude of scenarios, especially across the chemical sciences and engineering, where deductive, rather than inductive…
Charles T. Cox Jr., Mitch Rivers, Thomas Locascio, Benjamin Yacht + 3 more
This communication extends on findings previously reported in which students were asked to construct Reaction Coordinate Diagrams (RCDs) de novo. Instead of asking students to construct RCDs, this study explores students’ understanding of kinetics and thermodynamics when provided with mechanisms for the Aldol and…