17 papers · ranked by Valyu relevance
David Papo
The brain did not develop a dedicated device for reasoning. This fact bears dramatic consequences. While for perceptuo-motor functions neural activity is shaped by the input's statistical properties, and processing is carried out at high speed in hardwired spatially segregated modules, in reasoning, neural activity is…
Antigoni Belekou, Charalabos Papageorgiou, Efstratios Karavasilis, Eleftheria Tsaltas + 3 more
Paradoxes are a special form of reasoning leading to absurd inferences in contrast to logical reasoning that is used to reach valid conclusions. A functional MRI (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate the neural substrates of paradoxical and deductive reasoning. Twenty-four healthy participants were scanned using…
Vinod Goel, Gorka Navarrete, Ira A. Noveck, Jérôme Prado
The ability to reach logical conclusions on the basis of prior information is central to human cognition. Yet, it is generally agreed that the state of our knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying logical reasoning remains incomplete and highly fragmented (e.g., Khemlani and Johnson-Laird, ). The emergence of…
Liena Hačatrjana, Dace Namsone
Various skills related to critical thinking, reasoning, and scientific reasoning are defined as essential for students in policy documents and curricula around the world as essential both in school and in everyday life. However, these concepts are often too vaguely defined and explained for a clear implementation in…
Evan Heit
This review focuses on the issue of how neuroimaging studies address theoretical accounts of reasoning, through the lens of the method of forward inference (Henson, [21], [22]). After theories of deductive and inductive reasoning are briefly presented, the method of forward inference for distinguishing between…
Li Wang, Meng Zhang, Feng Zou, Xin Wu + 1 more
1## INTRODUCTION Deductive reasoning is fundamental to science, human culture, and for deriving solutions to problems in daily life (Fangmeier et al., [brb31853-bib-0024]). The process of deductive reasoning starts with premises and attempts to reach a logically secure conclusion or a series of conclusions from prior…
Richard Patterson, Jared Rothstein, Aron K. Barbey
Recent Social Intuitionist work suggests that moral judgments are intuitive (not based on conscious deliberation or any significant chain of inference), and that the reasons we produce to explain or justify our judgments and actions are for the most part post hoc rationalizations rather than the actual source of those…
Louise Cummings
The deductive paradigm has produced notable successes in epidemiology and public health. But while deductive logic has made a substantial contribution to the public health field, it must be recognized that there are also limits to that contribution. This report examines one such limit: the need for non-deductive models…
Luca L. Bonatti, Paolo Cherubini, Carlo Reverberi
The investigation of the mechanisms and principles of human reasoning is as ancient as the history of philosophy. It has always been clear that there is something special that allows humans, to a greater degree than other animals, to think about future states, make plans, have rational discussions, handle complex…
Emmanuelle Dietz, Antonis Kakas, Loizos Michael
This paper aims to expose and analyze the potential foundational role of Argumentation for Human-Centric AI, and to present the main challenges for this foundational role to be realized in a way that will fit well with the wider requirements and challenges of Human-Centric AI. The central idea set forward is that by…
Walter Schroyens, Lieve Fleerackers, Sunile Maes
reasoning about probable but false antecedent to consequent relations Authors: ['Walter Schroyens' 'Lieve Fleerackers' 'Sunile Maes'] Two experiments (N1 = 117 and N2 = 245) on reasoning with knowledge-rich conditionals showed a main effect of logical validity, which was due to the negative effect of counter-examples…
Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
The psychology of reasoning and decision making (RDM) shares the methodology of cognitive psychology in that researchers assume that participants are doing their best to solve the problems according to the instruction. Unlike other cognitive researchers, however, they often view erroneous answers evidence of…
Vinod Goel
We consider ourselves to be rational beings. We feel that our choices, decisions, and actions are selected from a flexible array of possibilities, based upon reasons. When we vote for a political candidate, it is because they share our views on certain critical issues. When we hire an individual for a job, it is…
Mathieu Garon, Marie Maxime Lavallée, Evelyn Vera Estay, Miriam H. Beauchamp + 1 more
'Miriam H. Beauchamp' 'Ulrich von Hecker'] As the first step of social information processing, visual encoding underlies the interpretation of social cues. Faces, in particular, convey a large amount of affective information, which can be subsequently used in the planning and production of adaptive social behaviors.…
Daniel Whiting
What is a normative reason for acting? In this paper, I introduce and defend a novel answer to this question. The starting-point is the view that reasons are right-makers. By exploring difficulties facing it, I arrive at an alternative, according to which reasons are evidence of respects in which it is right to perform…
Patricia A Alexander
This article offers an overview of the nature and role of relational thinking and relational reasoning in human learning and performance, both of which pertain to the discernment of meaningful patterns within any informational stream. Distinctions between thinking and reasoning relationally are summarized, along with…
Gerhard Schurz
In the first part of the paper (sec. 1-4), I argue that Elqayam and Evan's ([13]) distinction between normative and instrumental conceptions of cognitive rationality corresponds to deontological vs. teleological accounts in meta-ethics. I suggest that Elqayam and Evans' distinction be replaced by the distinction…